Community-based interventions for the prevention or management of dental caries in children This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To undertake network meta-analysis (NMA) and component network meta-analysis (CNMA) to explore the comparative effectiveness of different community-based interventions, and the components within the interventions used singly or in combination, for the prevention or management of dental caries in children. This is a protocol....

What is the best treatment for complex abdominal aortic aneurysms? Key messages • There are currently no studies with information available to guide patients' and doctors' choices regarding treatments for complex abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). • It is difficult to conduct research in this area because relatively few people have this condition and the types of aneurysm they have vary. • Future research should explore how organisations that fund and oversee healthcare services could require or promote the inclusion of people with AAAs in studies testing different treatments. What is an...

What are the most accurate tests for diagnosing low vitamin A? Key messages • The two most common tests (serum or plasma retinol and retinol-binding protein) cannot reliably identify at-risk individuals with or without vitamin A deficiency in the community or clinics. • This may mean that using these tests could lead to over- or underestimated levels of low vitamin A at the population level and incorrect diagnosis of individuals. • Estimates of test accuracy should improve as more studies become available. Why is it important to improve screening for vitamin A? Vitamin A, also called...

Do epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) after lung cancer surgery help people live longer and prevent cancer from returning? Key messages • Taking EGFR TKIs after lung cancer surgery may help people stay cancer-free for longer than chemotherapy or no further treatment. • EGFR TKIs probably help people live longer compared to no treatment, but may make little to no difference in survival compared to chemotherapy. • EGFR TKIs have fewer serious side effects than chemotherapy, but they may cause more mild-to-moderate side effects. • More research is needed...

Does yoga relieve cancer-related fatigue in people with cancer? Key messages - Compared to no yoga, yoga after anticancer therapy probably reduces cancer-related fatigue slightly in the short term (up to 12 weeks after doing yoga). - We do not know if yoga during anticancer therapy relieves short-, medium-, or long-term cancer-related fatigue compared to no yoga. - More research is needed to understand (1) if the effects of starting yoga after anticancer therapy persist beyond 12 weeks, and (2) what are the effects of doing yoga before starting and during cancer treatment. What is...

Is post-incident debriefing after coercive measures for people with schizophrenia effective? Key messages • Due to a lack of evidence, the benefits of post-incident debriefing after coercive measures (seclusion: locking someone in a separate room, or restraint: preventing them from moving) for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-type psychosis are unclear. • Future research is needed into the effects of post-incident debriefing after coercive measures to find out whether it has benefits for people with schizophrenia and whether it has unwanted effects and costs. What is schizophrenia,...

Community health worker-led interventions for hypertension This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of community health worker-led interventions on controlling blood pressure for people with hypertension. This is a protocol....

Do strengthening exercises help in the treatment of people with patellar tendinopathy (jumper's knee)? Key messages — The evidence for using strengthening exercises to treat patellar tendinopathy (pain at the front of the knee involving the tendon) is very uncertain, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. — For athletes, we are very uncertain whether exercise reduces pain compared to no treatment. Strengthening exercises may make little or no difference to function compared to no treatment, and little or no difference to function and pain compared to glucocorticoid injections...

Is it better to use ultrasound or anatomical landmarks to guide the needle to the correct placement for anaesthesia around the spinal cord in adults? Key messages Compared to anatomical landmarks, using ultrasound guidance for neuraxial anaesthesia in adults reduces the number of attempts until success, and the procedure (needling) time. Success is defined as either the number of times the needle is advanced following a backward movement, or the number of times it punctures the skin. Ultrasound guidance likely increases the rate of success on the first try. Ultrasound guidance may make...

What are the benefits and risks of vaccines for preventing infectious diseases in adults with blood cancers? Key messages • We found limited evidence on the preventive effect of vaccines on patient-relevant outcomes in adults with blood cancers. The included studies focused only on herpes zoster, COVID-19, and influenza vaccines. No studies measured quality of life. • When compared to placebo, herpes zoster vaccines may lower the incidence of infection. They probably result in little to no difference in death from any cause. They cause short-term side effects, but we did not find an increase...

Are atypical antipsychotic medicines useful for treating irritability and other symptoms in people with autism? Key messages Risperidone and aripiprazole may reduce irritability symptoms, while lurasidone probably results in little to no difference in children with autism. There is significant uncertainty about the effects of these drugs on aggression, weight gain and abnormal body movements (e.g. tremors) in children with autism. These medicines may decrease obsessive-compulsive symptoms (unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions)) and inappropriate speech in...

Perioperative immunotherapy strategies for resectable non-small cell lung cancer This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To compare, via a network meta-analysis, the effectiveness and safety of different immunotherapy agents that are administered in a perioperative setting to people with resectable non small-cell lung cancer To perform indirect comparisons in order to generate a clinically meaningful hierarchy of perioperative strategies of immunotherapy administration for overall survival in operable people with resectable non small-cell lung...

Lower-limb neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for people with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on muscle structure and function in people undergoing dialysis. This is a protocol....

Total neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effectiveness and safety of total neoadjuvant therapy versus standard therapy in individuals with locally advanced rectal cancer. This is a protocol....

Early mobilization after skin graft for burn injury in adults This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of early mobilization after skin graft for burn injury in adults. This is a protocol....

Short versus long drug regimens for Chagas disease This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of short versus long drug regimens (trypanocidal schemes) for Chagas disease in chronic asymptomatic stages. This is a protocol....

Do proton pump inhibitors prevent ulcers and stomach discomfort caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? Key messages Compared to a placebo (dummy or inactive treatment), proton pump inhibitors probably reduce the development of new ulcers. They also slightly decrease symptoms of dyspepsia (indigestion). They may reduce ulcer complications and probably slightly improve quality of life. They may have little to no harmful effects, but the evidence is very uncertain. Compared to histamine 2-receptor antagonists (also known as H2-blockers; medications that help reduce stomach acid),...

Pain and sedation management for screening or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the benefits and harms of pain and sedation management for screening or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants compared to placebo, no intervention, or other interventions. This is a protocol....

Which factors are related to return to work in breast cancer survivors? Key messages Breast cancer survivors who are older and who receive chemotherapy may be at higher risk of not returning to work. Results regarding educational level were inconclusive. Further research is warranted to identify those breast cancer survivors who are at higher risk of not returning to work, so that they can receive timely support. What is breast cancer? What is return to work, and why is it important? Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women around the world and many people diagnosed with...

Motor interventions initiated prior hospital discharge to prevent neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the benefits and harms of motor interventions initiated prior hospital discharge to prevent neurodevelopmental and motor impairment in preterm infants compared to standard care, post-discharge motor interventions, and different modalities of the same motor intervention. This is a protocol....