Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases: a network meta-analysis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: We aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of WHO pre-qualified human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines given in different dose schedules, in females and males, to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases by undertaking a network meta-analysis (NMA). We will rank the different vaccines and dose schedules according to the critical outcomes. This is a protocol....

Which is the best treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding? Key results Evidence suggests that the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is the best first-line option for reducing menstrual bleeding, while antifibrinolytics are probably the second best, and long-cycle progestogens are the third best. Because of some limitations in the evidence, we are not sure what the true effect of these first-line treatments is for the perception of improvement and satisfaction. For second-line treatments, evidence suggests any type of hysterectomy is the best treatment for reducing...

Effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes on community rates of HPV-related disease and harms from vaccination This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: We aim to assess population-level effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes on HPV-related disease and harms from vaccination. This is a protocol....

Surgery for nasal polyposis in cystic fibrosis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To determine the effects of sinus surgery alone or in combination with medical treatment (non-surgical) compared to medical treatment (non-surgical) alone on both nasal and pulmonary function in people with cystic fibrosis diagnosed with CRS with nasal polyposis. Further, to evaluate the impact of sinus surgery (with or without medical treatment) on hospitalization rates, use of antibiotics and pulmonary exacerbation rates. This is a protocol....

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists for treatment of paediatric Crohn’s disease This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the efficacy and safety of tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists for induction of remission in children with active Crohn's disease. This is a protocol....

Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of antibiotics versus placebo, no intervention, or another antibiotic for the treatment of people with leptospirosis This is a protocol....

Can ocular antibiotics treatment prevent eye infection following a corneal abrasion? What is the aim of this review? This Cochrane Review aimed to find out whether ocular (given in the eye) antibiotics treatment can prevent eye infection following a corneal abrasion. We collected and analyzed all relevant studies to answer this question and found two studies. Key messages We could not find evidence that compared antibiotics with placebo (dummy treatment) or no treatment. We could not find enough evidence to support the use of one antibiotic over another to prevent eye infections with corneal...

Is magnesium sulfate effective for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) flare-ups? Background COPD is a long-standing disease of the lungs that causes airway narrowing. COPD flare-ups are episodes of worsening symptoms in people diagnosed with COPD, described as exacerbations in this review. Magnesium sulfate is reported to be able to widen the airways to help breathing. Magnesium sulfate can be given as an infusion into the veins or as an inhalation via a device called a nebuliser. Some studies have shown it to be helpful as an add-on to usual care in people with COPD flare-ups....

Oral probiotics for the treatment of infantile colic This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of probiotics for infantile colic in infants younger than four months of age. This is a protocol....

How effective are dressings and topical agents in the management of wounds after surgical treatment for pilonidal sinus of the buttocks? Key messages - Platelet-rich plasma (part of the participant's own blood that promotes tissue regeneration) may reduce time to wound healing compared with sterile gauze - Lietofix skin repair cream may help wounds to heal by 30 days compared with a dressing with iodine (which helps to reduce bacteria in the wound) - It is not clear whether hydrogel dressings (designed to keep the wound moist) reduce time to wound healing compared with wound cleaning with...

Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effectiveness and safety of topical ophthalmic anesthetics compared to placebo or other treatments in persons with corneal abrasions. This is a protocol....

Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting Key messages Metoclopramide did not reduce the risk of vomiting, nausea, or the need for rescue medication when provided prior to intravenous opioids in the emergency department. In terms of the severity of nausea, metoclopramide did not help patients any more than placebo (sham treatment). What is opioid-induced emesis? Physicians often give patients opioids for pain in emergency departments, but over a third experience the side effects of nausea and vomiting (emesis). Some experts have suggested...

Prone position for management of respiratory failure in non-intubated adults This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To determine the effects of prone positioning versus standard care in either the supine or semi-recumbent position on adults who are non-intubated, and who are presenting with type I respiratory failure. This is a protocol....

Preparing a patient with bowel cancer for surgery with multiple interventions Aim of this review The aim of this review is to find out whether multiple interventions introduced in the period prior to surgery for bowel cancer could prepare a patient by increasing the patient's overall fitness, and thus improve outcomes after surgery. Cochrane researchers collected and analysed all available randomised controlled trials on this topic. Key messages Only three studies met the inclusion criteria for this review, information was not available for all outcomes and the overall certainty of evidence...

Xpert MTB/XDR, a rapid test for resistance to tuberculosis drugs Why is improving the diagnosis of tuberculosis drug resistance important? Tuberculosis tests, like Xpert MTB/RIF, Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, and Truenat, only diagnose rifampicin resistance, but do not provide information about resistance to other drugs used to treat tuberculosis. This information is needed to allow for effective treatment to be started quickly. Not recognizing tuberculosis drug resistance when present (false negative, FN) may result in severe illness and death. An incorrect diagnosis of tuberculosis drug resistance...

What are the benefits and risks of ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis? Key messages – Ocrelizumab is a recently approved medicine to treat people with multiple sclerosis (MS). In relapsing-remitting MS (where people experience flare-ups of symptoms), ocrelizumab probably substantially reduces flare-ups, may substantially reduce worsening of symptoms, and probably makes little or no difference to unwanted effects compared with interferon beta-1a (a standard treatment for MS), 96 weeks after treatment starts. – Compared to placebo (a dummy medicine) after 120 weeks of treatment for primary...

Tourniquet use for people with peripheral arterial disease undergoing major lower limb amputations This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the safety and effectiveness of tourniquet use in people undergoing major lower limb amputation for complications of peripheral arterial disease, specifically with regard to intraoperative blood loss, change in haemoglobin levels, transfusion rates, wound healing, and need for additional surgery. This is a protocol....

The use of antibiotics in the treatment of ulcerative colitis What was the aim of this review? This Cochrane Review aimed to determine whether antibiotics are useful and safe for people with ulcerative colitis (UC) in achieving or maintaining remission. Key messages We found that antibiotics, when added to standard therapies, are similar to placebo in how often they fail to achieve remission or disease improvement for people with UC, measured up to three months from taking them. We found that antibiotics when compared to placebo may be useful in achieving remission or some improvement of UC...

Inserting a contraceptive implant at the same visit as an abortion or at a follow-up visit Review question We compared the initiation rate, effectiveness, and side effects of insertion of a contraceptive implant (implant for birth control) at the same visit as an abortion versus delayed insertion at a follow-up visit. Background The contraceptive implant is a highly effective method of birth control that is reversible and provides long duration of pregnancy protection. This method is suitable for almost all women, including women who have a pregnancy ended by removal or expulsion. Because...

Regional analgesia with or without general anaesthesia for breast cancer surgery: a network meta-analysis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess whether the analgesic efficacy and safety differ according to the regional analgesia technique used in women undergoing breast cancer surgery. This is a protocol....