Opioids for managing pain in babies exposed to painful procedures Key messages • Due to a lack of strong evidence, the benefits and risks of opioids for managing pain in babies exposed to painful procedures are unclear. • Compared to placebo (a 'dummy' treatment, or sham treatment, that does not contain any medicine but looks identical to the medicine being tested), opioids may reduce pain assessed with certain scales during the procedure, but may not make a difference with other scales one to two hours after the procedure. • The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of opioids on:...

Painkillers other than opioids to treat pain in babies undergoing painful procedures Key messages • We did not find enough evidence on painkillers that are not opioids to manage pain in babies undergoing painful procedures. We found only two small studies that compared a painkiller (ketamine) with either another painkiller (an opioid) or sweet solution to manage different procedures. • Larger studies on a variety of painkillers are needed to provide a better understanding of the benefits and harms of the different painkillers and the best way to give them. What did we want to find out?...

Pharmacological treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews Key messages For acute low back pain • NSAIDs and muscle relaxants may provide small benefits on pain, however muscle relaxants may be associated with unwanted effects. Paracetamol had no effect on pain or unwanted effects. For chronic low back pain • Opioids may reduce pain but may be associated with unwanted effects. NSAIDs may reduce pain without unwanted effects and antidepressants may make little or no difference on pain. • Physicians should discuss the possibility for a small effect on pain and...

Pressure sources for nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in preterm infants Key messages Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may reduce the risk of CPAP treatment failure when compared with CPAP delivered by mechanical ventilators or Infant Flow Driver. Bubble CPAP probably has little or no impact on the risk of death or other complications associated with premature birth but likely increases the risk of moderate-severe nasal injury. What is CPAP? CPAP is a form of breathing support that can be used to support breathing in a preterm (premature) baby with lung...

Experiences and perceptions of cash transfers for health What is the aim of this synthesis? The aim of this Cochrane qualitative evidence synthesis was to explore how people receiving health-related conditional or unconditional cash transfers experienced them. We analysed 41 qualitative studies to answer this question. Key messages People appreciate cash transfers and see them as necessary for their basic needs. However, cash transfers can influence people’s relationships in positive and negative ways. Not all people want to receive cash and some recipients do not perceive that cash alone...

Disease-modifying pharmacological treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease: an overview of intervention reviews This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (overview). The objectives are as follows: To summarise the evidence from Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews of pharmacological disease-modifying treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. This is a protocol....

Interventions for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of interventions for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease. To obtain an estimate of the relative ranking of interventions for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease by a network meta-analysis. This is a protocol....

Psychological interventions to help people with cystic fibrosis take their inhaled treatments Key messages Psychological interventions are designed to help people modify their thoughts, feelings and behaviours. We think that psychological interventions are probably better than usual care at helping people with CF to take their inhaled treatments, and may cause little or no harm (e.g. anxiety or depression) when measured six to 12 months after treatment. We are uncertain whether motivational interviewing (MI) was better or worse than education plus problem-solving (EPS) at helping people with...

Incremental versus standard dialysis for people with kidney failure This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To compare the benefits and harms of incremental versus full-dose dialysis in patients with kidney failure at commencement of KRT. This is a protocol....

Lovastatin for lowering lipids This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: Primary objective To evaluate the benefits and harms of different doses of lovastatin on lipid parameters and withdrawals due to adverse effects (WDAEs) in people of any age compared to placebo. This is a protocol....

Interventions for improving walking after stroke: an overview of Cochrane Reviews This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (overview). The objectives are as follows: To summarise and appraise the evidence from Cochrane Reviews assessing the effects of interventions for the recovery and/or the improvement of walking in people after stroke. We will conduct an overview of Cochrane Reviews involving stakeholders to: provide accessible high-quality evidence on the effects of interventions aiming to recover and/or improve walking in people after stroke; summarise the evidence of the effects of...

Is skin-sparing mastectomy an effective and safe surgical procedure for the treatment of breast cancer? What is the aim of this review? We reviewed the evidence about the surgery technique called skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) (that is, removing the breast tissue including the breast and areola (skin surrounding the nipple) but preserving all the skin that overlies the breast) compared to conventional mastectomy (that is, removing the skin that overlies the breast including nipple and areola). Key messages We found that SSM may not be different from conventional mastectomy for the risk of...

Surgical interventions for presbyopia This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: The primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of surgical interventions for people with presbyopia. The secondary objective is to produce a brief economic commentary, summarizing relevant economic evaluations that compare different surgical interventions. This is a protocol....

Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of caffeine compared to aminophylline or theophylline in preterm infants at risk of apnea, with apnea, or in the peri-extubation phase. This is a protocol....

Meta-cognitive training for schizophrenia This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the benefits and harms of MCT and MCT+ for people with schizophrenia or related disorders compared to standard care or other psychosocial interventions. This is a protocol....

Service delivery, behavioural, and self-management interventions for children with epilepsy This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the benefits and harms of different behavioural interventions, self-management education and models of service delivery in promoting seizure control and improving quality of life-related outcomes for children with epilepsy compared to usual care or another behavioural intervention. This is a protocol....

Service delivery, behavioural, and self-management interventions for adults with epilepsy This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the benefits and harms of different behavioural interventions, self-management education and models of service delivery in promoting seizure control and improving quality of life-related outcomes for adults with epilepsy compared to usual care or another behavioural intervention. This is a protocol....

What are consumers and health providers' views and experiences of working in formal partnerships to plan, deliver and evaluate health services? Key messages -Power imbalances between health providers and consumers can limit consumer participation in health service planning, delivery and evaluation. -Power imbalances in the partnership may happen because of the ways consumers are recruited, how meetings are run, and how decisions are made. -To have successful partnerships with consumers, health providers need to address these power imbalances. -Some consumers and health providers...

Therapeutics for treating mpox What is the aim of this review? There are no drugs licenced specifically for treating mpox, but some drugs that are licenced for treating similar viral infections, such as smallpox, are authorized for treating mpox during an outbreak. The effects of these drugs have not yet been studied in randomized trials in people with mpox. Randomized trials include at least two treatment groups, such as one receiving the drug and one receiving a placebo, where the people recruited for the trial are randomly allocated to either group. This review summarizes evidence on the...

Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation Review question We wanted to find out how effective certain classes of antiarrhythmic drugs (medications used to prevent or treat an irregular heart rhythm) are for maintaining sinus rhythm (normal heart rhythm) in people after catheter ablation (a technique using catheters to create controlled burns in the heart to prevent and treat arrhythmia occurrence) for atrial fibrillation (a common type of irregular heart rhythm), compared to catheter ablation alone. Background The...