Mucolytics for children with chronic suppurative lung disease This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of mucolytics for reducing exacerbations and improving quality of life in children with CSLD (including PBB and bronchiectasis), and to assess the risk of harm due to adverse events. This is a protocol....

Predictive factors for BK polyomavirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (prognosis). The objectives are as follows: To (a) define the prognostic factors that predict the development of BKPyV infections in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients, and (b) explore sources of heterogeneity. This is a protocol....

Are there good ways to find out if people living with HIV are taking their medicines every day? The issue For people with HIV, taking their HIV medicines every day (adherence), is vital to keep HIV under control. The best way to measure peoples’ adherence to HIV medicines is with ‘viral load testing’, which tells us how much virus there is in the blood. Viral load testing is not available everywhere, such as in places where there is lack of funds. If we could measure adherence with a more readily available measure, this might help detect people who need more help with taking their medicines....

Treatment of sudden hearing loss with corticosteroids applied into the middle ear What is sudden hearing loss? Sudden hearing loss is a condition characterised by the sudden onset (usually within 72 hours) of reduced or absent hearing. How is it treated? People have often used corticosteroids – a type of anti-inflammatory medicine - to treat the condition. These medicines are usually taken by mouth or injected into the body (known as systemic corticosteroids), but can also be given as an injection directly into the middle ear, through the eardrum (known as intratympanic corticosteroids)....

Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention of hospitalisations in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: component network meta-analysis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: We aim to assess, via component based network meta-analysis, the effects of non-pharmacological intervention components, and their combinations, in people with COPD. Specific objectives are to: estimate the relative effects of components of non-pharmacological interventions, and their combinations for prevention of hospital admissions; estimate the...

Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To investigate the effects of CBT for schizophrenia when administered without a concomitant pharmacological treatment with antipsychotics. This is a protocol....

Misoprostol for intrauterine device placement This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To examine the effectiveness of misoprostol for routine intrauterine device placement, on patient (e.g. pain, side effects, satisfaction) and provider outcomes (e.g. ease of placement, need for adjunctive placement measures, placement success), compared with placebo or no treatment. This is a protocol....

Red flags to screen for vertebral fracture in patients presenting with low back pain This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (diagnostic). The objectives are as follows: The objective of this review is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of red flags used to screen for vertebral fracture in patients presenting with low back pain. Where possible, we will report the results of red flags separately for different types of vertebral fracture as follows. Osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture Vertebral traumatic fracture Vertebral stress fracture Secondary objectives The secondary objective of...

Does the type of anaesthesia for recanalisation therapies for acute ischaemic stroke affect patient outcomes? What was the review about? Acute ischaemic stroke is a sudden loss of blood circulation in a specific brain area, caused by a blockage in one of the blood vessels, promoting neurological damage. Urgent (recanalisation) treatment to remove the blockage can be beneficial. We wanted to know whether the type of anaesthesia used for this procedure influences treatment to restore blood flow after blood vessels are blocked (recanalisation therapies). What are recanalisation therapies and...

A meta-ethnography of how children and young people with chronic non-cancer pain and their families experience and understand their condition, pain services, and treatments This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (qualitative). The objectives are as follows: To synthesise qualitative studies that examine the experiences and perceptions of children with chronic pain and their families regarding chronic pain, treatments, and services to inform the design and delivery of health and social care services, interventions, and future research. To explore whether our review findings help to explain...

Surgical (percutaneous pinning or plate fixation) versus non-surgical interventions for distal radius fractures in adults: an individual participant data review This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the benefits and harms of surgical and non-surgical treatments in adults with distal radius fracture. To examine the interactions between individual-level participant characteristics and the interventions of distal radius fracture. This is a protocol....

Non-opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To determine the effects of non-opioid analgesics in neonates (term or preterm) exposed to procedural pain compared to placebo or no drug, non-pharmacological intervention, other analgesics, or different routes of administration. This is a protocol....

Antibiotics for preventing wound infections after snakebite This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of antibiotics for the prevention of wound infections in people with snakebite. This is a protocol....

Stimulant and non-stimulant drug therapy for people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and epilepsy What is the aim of this review? The aim of this Cochrane Review was to find out if stimulant and non-stimulant medications are effective and safe in treating people with both Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy. Cochrane Review authors collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer this question. Background Epilepsy is a disease where the brain is predisposed to generating seizures. ADHD is a condition where daily life is affected by inattention,...

Anti-interferon therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To determine the benefits and harms of anti-interferon therapy in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This is a protocol....

Antithrombotic therapy to prevent cognitive decline in people with small vessel disease on neuroimaging but without dementia Background Disruption of blood flow to the brain can cause problems with memory and thinking. In the condition called 'cerebral small vessel disease', there is damage to the smallest blood vessels that run deep in the brain. This damage can cause stroke but can also be seen on brain scans in people with no obvious stroke symptoms. Cerebral small vessel disease usually gets worse over time, and in some people can cause a decline in memory and thinking. If this decline...

Natalizumab for multiple sclerosis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To estimate the benefits and harms of: Natalizumab compared with placebo or other disease-modifying therapies (DMT) as first‐choice treatment for people with any form of multiple sclerosis (MS); Natalizumab compared with placebo or other DMT for all forms of MS, when switching from another DMT. This is a protocol....

Group cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia Review question Is group cognitive behavioural therapy (talking therapy) that targets psychoses (CBTp) more effective than standard care (the care a person would normally receive) or other forms of talking therapies (for example, counselling, supportive therapy; either group or individual) for people with schizophrenia? What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a disabling serious mental illness. It is characterised by delusions (bizarre beliefs), hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there), negative symptoms (social...

Electrical stimulation of the motor system after stroke This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess if cyclical electrical stimulation (CES) is effective at increasing voluntary strength, and functional electrical stimulation (FES) is effective at improving activity after stroke. This is a protocol....

Are antipsychotic medicines safe and effective for treating people who have schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms? Key messages - We could not answer whether antipsychotic medicines are safe and effective for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms because we found only one study including a small number of people and a brief duration of treatment, leaving us with very low confidence in the results. - We did find that in the only included study both an antipsychotic medicine (risperidone) and electroconvulsive therapy may improve catatonic and positive...