Exercise interventions for adults after liver transplantation Background Levels of physical activity tend to decrease in people who receive a liver transplant. The benefits and harms of exercise interventions to protect against the development of heart and lung diseases, hypertension, type II diabetes, dementia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (conditions caused by a build-up of fat in the liver), cancer, or other life-threatening diseases which may develop rapidly have not yet been well studied. What did we want to find out? We wanted to determine the benefits and harms of exercise in...

Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for severely dehydrated children with acute diarrhoea What is dehydration and how it is treated? Children with acute diarrhoea or gastroenteritis who get severely dehydrated require intravenous (into a vein) rehydration with fluids (called intravenous correction). The most common intravenous solutions used for this purpose are the so-called crystalloids, which are solutions of mineral salts (e.g. electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, or chloride). The most commonly used crystalloid for rehydrating children is 0.9% saline solution. It is...

Safety and efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in preterm infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the safety and efficacy of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for the treatment of preterm infants with diagnosed or suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This is a protocol....

Vaccines for the prevention of infections in adults with solid tumors This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the benefits and harms of vaccines for the prevention of infections in adults with solid tumors. This is a protocol....

How effective are antidepressants used to treat chronic pain and do they cause unwanted effects? Key messages • We are only confident in the effectiveness of one antidepressant: duloxetine. We found that a standard dose (60 mg) was effective, and that there is no benefit to using a higher dose. • We are uncertain about unwanted effects for any antidepressant as the data for this were very poor. Future research should address this. • In clinical practice for chronic pain, a standard dose of duloxetine may be considered before trying other antidepressants. • Adopting a person-centred approach...

Interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries Why is this review important? Harmful alcohol use is one of the main contributors to the global burden of disease. In low- and middle-income countries, harmful alcohol use is increasing. However, services to prevent and treat harmful alcohol use are limited. One contributor to the lack of available services is the limited information about which intervention approaches are effective in reducing harmful alcohol use and whether these approaches are feasible and acceptable in low-resource settings. In order to...

Closure of mesenteric defects for prevention of internal hernia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in bariatric surgery This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the efficacy and safety of defect closure for prevention of internal hernia after Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in bariatric surgery. This is a protocol....

Family presence during resuscitation Why is this question important? Patients and their relatives increasingly expect to be actively involved in the decisions of treatment. However, there are concerns that family presence during resuscitation (FPDR) can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms in relatives, or have a negative impact on the performance of healthcare professionals, thereby hampering the quality of critical care. There are also concerns that patient confidentiality can be violated, as the patient's thoughts and preferences in the situation are unspoken....

Is measuring bilirubin levels through the skin a reliable alternative to measuring bilirubin levels in the blood of newborns? Key messages The studies included in this review suggest that measuring bilirubin levels through the skin without a needle can identify high bilirubin levels in newborns. Why is it important to diagnose high bilirubin levels in newborns? Bilirubin is a substance produced through the breakdown of red blood cells. Jaundice is a very common problem in the newborn period and results from high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinaemia). It is important to...

Hepatitis B immunisation for adults with end-stage kidney disease This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: Primary objectives We aim to evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of: hepatitis B immunisation in people with end-stage kidney disease. Secondary objectives We aim to evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of: reinforced vaccination series (three doses plus one additional booster) versus traditional triple inoculations; and intradermal versus intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination, in people with end-stage kidney disease. This is...

Chlorhexidine or other antiseptic solutions: which works better to prevent infection in newborns with central lines? Key messages: • Due to a lack of robust evidence, the benefits and risks of chlorhexidine in alcohol compared to povidone-iodine (PI) as antiseptic solution for central line insertion in newborns are unclear. • The use of povidone in premature infants may reduce the level of thyroid hormone, which is an essential hormone for growth and development. • The limited number of studies and the lack of studies from low- and middle-income countries reduce our confidence in the...

Initial treatment for adults with advanced kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) Abbreviations • renal cell carcinoma (RCC) • avelumab (AVE) • axitinib (AXI) • cabozantinib (CAB) • ipilimumab (IPI) • lenvatinib (LEN)) • nivolumab (NIV) • pazopanib (PAZ) • pembrolizumab (PEM) • sunitinib (SUN) Key messages • When making treatment decisions, it is important to think about whether drugs lengthen life, and whether they decrease or increase harmful side effects. • The findings in this review apply mostly to advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with a clear cell component. What is advanced RCC, and...

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post-traumatic stress disorder and/or with childhood experience of maltreatment Do supports during pregnancy or in the two years after birth improve parenting capacity or wellbeing for parents experiencing trauma-related symptoms, or who experienced maltreatment in their childhood? Key messages Most evidence either suggested that parenting and psychological interventions made little or no difference in parental psychological wellbeing and parenting capacity, or it was of low quality so that confidence in...

The use of technology for remote care in inflammatory bowel disease Key messages • Remote care is probably the same as usual care (e.g. face-to-face care in clinics and hospitals) for improving inflammatory bowel disease symptoms in adults; there is limited evidence for children. • Remote care is probably the same as usual care for avoiding relapses and flare-ups; the same may be true for children. • Remote care is probably the same as usual care for improving quality of life in adults; there is limited evidence for children. What is inflammatory bowel disease? Inflammatory bowel disease...

Education programmes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Key messages It is likely that patient education programmes have no additional benefits when compared to usual medications and care for: • improving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); • avoiding relapses and flare-ups of the disease; or • improving quality of life for patients with IBD. What is inflammatory bowel disease? Inflammatory bowel disease refers mainly to two conditions that cause inflammation of the gut. These are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis only affects the large intestine....

Occupational therapy in multiple sclerosis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: Main objective To assess the benefits and harms of occupational therapy interventions for improving daily functioning, participation, and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis. Secondary objectives To assess whether the effects of occupational therapy interventions differ according to the format of intervention delivery (individually versus group) and to the location of service delivery (outpatient, inpatient, or home-based therapy). This is a...

Personalised interventions for children with conduct problems Key messages There is currently little evidence to support personalising or tailoring interventions for children with conduct problems. What little evidence exists is of low quality. Therefore, it is unclear whether personalising interventions can improve outcomes for children with conduct problems. Further high-quality research is needed. What are conduct problems? Conduct problems are a range of disruptive behaviours in childhood that can have a negative impact on an individual's life. Conduct problems may lead to difficulties...

Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children and adolescents This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the efficacy and safety of iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency in children and adolescents. This is a protocol....

Stool transplantation for treatment of repeated Clostridioides difficile infection Review question We reviewed the evidence about the effect of stool transplant compared to currently used treatments such as antibiotics for the treatment of recurrent C difficile diarrhea in adults and children. What is Clostridioides difficile infection and how is it treated? Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) infection is a common bacterial illness that can cause life-threatening diarrhea (runny stools). Evidence suggests that an unhealthy mixture of gut bacteria called dysbiosis may increase the risk of...

What are the benefits and risks of exercise for people with systemic lupus erythematosus? Key messages Exercise in addition to 'usual care' may have little benefit on fatigue, functional capacity, and pain in people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). No studies reported side effects during exercise. However, we have low confidence in the overall evidence. What is systemic lupus erythematosus? SLE (or 'lupus') is a disease in which the body's immune (defence) system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. It is a long-term disease (one that lasts longer than six...