Mental health support in the community for refugee children and adolescents in high-income countries Refugee children and adolescents who have settled in high-income countries are at risk of mental health problems due to the many challenges they face before, during, and after migration. Key message The evidence to date is not of sufficient quantity or quality to recommend what interventions should be implemented in practice. It is necessary for existing mental health support programmes and interventions for child refugees and asylum seekers to be evaluated so that they can add to the...

Music therapy for people with substance use disorder What was the aim of this review? We aimed to assess if music therapy given in addition to standard care was effective for people with substance use disorders, in terms of impacting substance craving, motivation for treatment, and motivation for staying sober/clean. We were also interested in evidence about effects on depression and anxiety, as these are risk factors for relapse. Key messages Music therapy as 'add on' treatment to standard care likely reduces substance craving and increases motivation for treatment for adults in...

What are the benefits and risks of negative pressure wound therapy for managing the open abdomen in people who are not trauma patients? Key messages - We do not know if negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT, defined as pressure lower than a given reference pressure, generally causing suction) helps abdominal wounds to heal quicker or reduces potential harmful effects compared with using a Bogota bag (a sterilised fluid bag used for closing abdominal wounds). - We do not know if a Suprasorb CNP system (a type of NPWT) helps abdominal wounds to heal quicker or reduces potential harmful effects...

Interventions to reduce the risk of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) infection among workers outside healthcare settings What is the aim of this review? Coronavirus (COVID‐19) is a respiratory infectious disease that has spread globally. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) can develop critical illnesses and may die, particularly older people, and those with underlying medical problems. Different interventions that attempt to prevent or reduce workers' exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in the workplace have been...

Educational interventions for health professionals managing people with COPD in primary care Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and treatable lung disease. COPD makes it harder for a person to get air in and out of the lungs. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, excess phlegm and wheezing. COPD can cause a huge impact on a person's life and lead to poor health. Question: What evidence exists for educational interventions delivered to health professionals managing COPD in primary care? Search strategy: To find relevant studies, we...

How accurate are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for detecting liver cancer? Key messages In people with chronic liver disease, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI: cross-sectional scans inside the body) probably misses liver cancer in 16% of people, who would not receive timely or appropriate treatment, and incorrectly finds liver cancer in 6% of people, who would receive unnecessary treatment. MRI probably misses liver cancer in 16% of people with liver cancer who could have surgery to remove part of their liver, and incorrectly finds liver cancer in 7% of people who undergo...

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for older people in the community at risk of poor health outcomes With increased life expectancy worldwide, there is an urgent need to explore different ways to deliver appropriate healthcare to older people who require it in the most appropriate setting. More older people are now living with frailty, a clinical syndrome characterised by vulnerability to adverse health outcomes including early death, nursing home admission or loss of independence. We wanted to find out if organised and co-ordinated care delivered by healthcare professionals such as doctors,...

Favipiravir for treating COVID-19 This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To determine the efficacy and safety of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19 as compared to standard of care without favipiravir. This is a protocol....

Cannabis and cannabinoids for people with multiple sclerosis Key messages • Treatment with nabiximols likely results in improvement of spasticity and may not increase serious harmful effects compared with placebo • Compared with placebo, cannabinoids (nabiximols, Cannabis extract, synthetic cannabinoids) likely improve well-being when measured with patient-reported outcomes • Due to a lack of robust evidence, the benefit of these medicines for treating chronic neuropathic pain is unclear. What is the issue? Many people with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience spasticity that causes also pain...

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for preventing acute kidney injury This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: This review aims to look at the benefits and harms of ESAs for preventing AKI in the context of any health condition. This is a protocol....

Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care for first episode psychosis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of adding cognitive behavioural therapy to standard care for people with a first episode of schizophrenia. This is a protocol....

Delivery of intravenous anti-cancer therapy at home versus in hospital or community settings for adults with cancer This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the safety, patient preference for, and cost of intravenous anti-cancer therapy (chemotherapy or immunotherapy) delivered at home as an alternative to the same intravenous anti-cancer therapy regimen delivered in a hospital or community settings, in adults with cancer. This is a protocol....

Effects of policies regulating insurance for drugs The aim of this Cochrane Review was to find out if drug insurance schemes change people’s use of medicines, the amount of money they spend on medicines, their health, and their use of healthcare. Cochrane Review authors collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer this question. They found 58 studies. Most of these studies were from the US assessing a single policy change (Medicare Part D) implemented in January 2006. Key messages The USA’s Medicare Part D offers free prescription medicines to elderly people. This system may...

Atypical antipsychotics for autism spectrum disorder: a network meta-analysis This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: Primary To assess the comparative efficacy of atypical antipsychotics for irritability through network meta-analysis in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Secondary To assess the safety and efficacy of atypical antipsychotics as medications for core and non-core symptoms in children and adults with ASD. This is a protocol....

Rapid molecular tests for tuberculosis and tuberculosis drug resistance: the views and experiences of people who are tested and healthcare providers What is the aim of this review? We aimed to understand the experiences and opinions of people using rapid automated tests that identify tuberculosis and resistance to tuberculosis drugs (molecular diagnostic tests). Users include people who might have tuberculosis and their families or caregivers, doctors, nurses, laboratory staff, and managers of services or programmes. What was studied in this review? Rapid molecular diagnostic tests were...

The use of probiotics to prevent Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis Review question What are the benefits and risks of using probiotics to prevent Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC)? Key messages We compared randomised controlled trials (RCTS) of probiotics versus placebo, or any other non-probiotic intervention, to prevent Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). There is currently not enough evidence to assess the efficacy or safety of probiotics for the prevention of HAEC. What is HAEC? HAEC is a rare condition. It can cause inflammation of the bowels and lead to...

Surgery on both eyes on the same day or on different days: which works better to treat cataract in both eyes? Key messages - Current evidence supports there may be no important difference between surgery on both eyes on the same day (ISBCS) and surgery on different days (DSBCS) for the following clinical outcomes: eye (ocular) infection (endophthalmitis, a severe, sight-threatening but rare complication), spectacle correction after surgery (refraction), complications, vision with spectacle correction (if needed), and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs; questionnaires on vision). - Current...

Duration of antibiotic treatment for foot osteomyelitis in people with diabetes This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To compare the effects of a shorter antibacterial treatment duration with a longer antibacterial treatment duration in people with diabetes and foot osteomyelitis. This is a protocol....

Fortification of salt with iron and iodine compared to salt fortified with iodine only for improving iron and iodine status Key messages Compared to iodised salt, double-fortified salt (salt fortified with iron and iodine) may improve some measures of iron and iodine nutrition, such as haemoglobin (i.e. the substance that gives red blood cells their colour) concentrations and body iron stores. However, it may reduce urinary iodine concentration and may make little or no difference to ferritin (i.e. iron-storage protein) concentrations and transferrin receptor (i.e. protein that affects the...

Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. This is a protocol....