What are the benefits and harms of interventions to increase eating of fruit and vegetables among children aged five years and under?
• Child-feeding interventions probably lead to a small increase in eating of vegetables in children aged five years and under.
• Multicomponent interventions probably lead to a small increase in eating of fruit and vegetables in children aged five years and under.
• Parent nutrition education interventions may lead to little or no increase in eating of fruit and vegetables in children aged five years and under.
Why is eating enough fruit and vegetables important?Not eating enough fruit and vegetables leads to a considerable health burden in developed countries. Eating adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of future non-communicable diseases (such as heart and circulatory disease) amongst other immediate health benefits. Early childhood is a critical period for the establishment of dietary habits that track into adulthood. Interventions to increase consumption of fruit and vegetables in early childhood may therefore be an effective strategy to reduce this disease burden.
What did we want to find out?We wanted to know the benefits and harms of interventions designed to increase eating of fruit or vegetables or both amongst children aged five years and under.
What did we do?We searched various electronic databases to find studies. We contacted the authors of the included studies for additional potentially relevant studies. Any randomised study (where participants have the same chance of being assigned to treatment or a no-treatment control) of interventions aiming to increase the intake of fruit or vegetables or both by children aged five years and under, which measured intake, was eligible. Two review authors independently searched for and extracted information from studies. We searched up to March 2023.
What did we find?We included 53 studies with 12,350 people taking part. Sixteen studies examined child-feeding practice interventions (e.g. repeated exposure to vegetables); 20 examined multicomponent interventions (e.g. combining two or more interventions, such as preschool policy changes with parent nutrition education); 17 examined parent nutrition education interventions; two examined child nutrition education interventions; and one each examined child-focused mindfulness or providing families with fruit and vegetable interventions. Child-feeding practice interventions and multicomponent interventions probably lead to small increases in children's intake of fruit and vegetables in the short term (less than 12 months). Parent nutrition education interventions may lead to little to no increase in children's eating of fruit and vegetables. Limited information was available on cost and unintended harms. Of the studies that did report these, intervention costs ranged from 325 to 1500 US dollars (USD). No unintended harms were found in the two studies that reported assessing them. Studies reporting funding support received governmental or charitable funds, except for one study that received industry funding.
What are the limitations of the evidence?No studies were conducted in low-income countries and only one study was conducted in a middle-income country. Our confidence in the current evidence is moderate for child feeding and multicomponent interventions, and low for parent nutrition education interventions.
How up-to-date is this evidence?This evidence is up-to-date to March 2023. This is a living systematic review. Living systematic reviews offer a new approach to review updating, in which the review is continually updated, incorporating relevant new evidence as it becomes available. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.