Is exercise-based rehabilitation effective for ongoing management of coronary heart disease?
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Compared with no structured exercise, exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for people with coronary heart disease reduces heart attacks, likely reduces hospital admissions and may slightly reduce the risk of death.
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Exercise is associated with improved well-being for up to 12 months and it appears to be cost-effective.
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Recent studies include more women, home-based and digital programmes, and more countries worldwide.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition where the main blood vessels to the heart become narrow or blocked, often due to fatty deposits, reducing blood flow to the heart. It is the leading cause of death worldwide. Thanks to improvements in treatment, more people are now surviving CHD and living with its ongoing effects. Many people with CHD experience symptoms such as chest pain (angina) and breathlessness during physical activity, and fatigue. They may also be at risk of future complications, such as heart attacks.
What is exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation?Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is designed to help people with CHD manage their condition, improve their health and reduce the risk of future problems. It includes structured exercise programmes, sometimes combined with education or psychological support.
What did we want to find out?We wanted to find out if, compared to no structured exercise, people with CHD who participated in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation had:
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a lower risk of death;
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fewer heart attacks;
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less need for further heart procedures (including stents (tiny tubes that hold the blood vessels open) or bypass surgery); and
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fewer hospital admissions.
We were also interested in whether exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improved people's well-being and was cost-effective.
What did we do?We searched for studies that investigated exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation compared to no structured exercise for adults with CHD. People in the studies had to have had a heart attack (myocardial infarction), surgery to restore blood flow to the heart (for example, a coronary artery bypass) or have angina or blocked arteries (coronary artery disease). Exercise could take place in a hospital, in the community, or in people's homes. Studies had to follow people for at least six months.
What did we find?
We found 107 studies with 26,886 people. Most people in these studies had experienced a heart attack or had received bypass surgery or a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart (angioplasty). Most studies included both men and women, but women made up only 17% of study participants overall.
Fifty-two studies investigated exercise only. The remaining studies investigated exercise combined with another treatment, such as education, or psychological or social support. The most common exercise was aerobic: static cycling; walking; or circuit training. The frequency and intensity of the exercise varied across studies. Twenty-seven studies looked at exercise in people's homes, with some programmes being delivered via a mobile phone app or online. Most studies followed people for up to 12 months.
Main resultsExercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for between six and 12 months compared with no structured exercise:
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probably reduces deaths from any cause (30 studies, 10,391 people) and may reduce deaths from heart-related causes (20 studies, 7277 people). For every 125 people who participate in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, one death from any cause is likely to be prevented. Similarly, for every 200 people participating, one death from heart-related causes may be prevented;
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results in a large reduction in heart attacks (25 studies, 8584 people). For every 71 people who participate in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, one heart attack is prevented;
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makes little to no difference to the need for further heart procedures (including stents or bypass surgery);
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probably reduces hospital admissions overall (21 studies, 3868 people) where for every 17 people who participate in exercise-based rehabilitation, one hospital admission is likely to be prevented. It may also reduce heart-related hospital admissions (6 studies, 1550 people).
The evidence indicated that people experienced increased well-being with exercise, compared with not participating in a structured exercise programme.
Based on evidence from eight studies, exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation was found to be cost-effective.
What are the limitations of this evidence?We are very confident in the evidence for heart attack and the need for further heart procedures. However, our confidence in the other evidence is limited because some studies did not use the best methods to carry out their research or report their results. For example, we don't know how well people carried out their exercise programmes. Overall, there are still fewer women than men in the studies. However, many of the new studies that we found were carried out in low- and middle-income countries, so, our results may be more relevant than before for these countries.
How up-to-date is this evidence?This updates the previous version published in 2021. The evidence is current to March 2026.